查看ubuntu版本 

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>> cat /etc/issue
Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS
  1. 编写测试程序
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from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
import time


def test_google_search():
    # 指定 ChromeDriver 的路径
    service = Service("/home/weylan/opt/chromedriver-linux64/chromedriver")  # 修改为你的 chromedriver 路径

    # 创建 WebDriver 实例
    # 配置 Chrome 可执行文件路径
    chrome_options = Options()
    chrome_options.binary_location = "/home/weylan/opt/chrome-linux64/chrome"  # 修改为 Chrome 的路径
    chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")  # 无头模式
    chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")
    chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-software-rasterizer")
    chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")  # 禁用 GPU 加速（推荐用于 Linux）
    chrome_options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")  # 跳过沙盒模式（避免权限问题）
    chrome_options.binary_location = "/home/weylan/opt/chrome-linux64/chrome"  # 修改为你的 Chrome 路径



    # 创建 WebDriver 实例
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=chrome_options)

    try:
        # 打开 baidu 网站
        driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
        print("访问 baidu 网站成功")

        # # 查找搜索框并输入搜索内容
        # search_box = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
        # search_box.send_keys("Selenium Python")
        # print("输入搜索关键词成功")
        #
        # # 模拟回车键以触发搜索
        # search_box.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
        # print("触发搜索成功")
        #
        # # 等待页面加载（可以使用显式等待代替）
        # time.sleep(3)
        #
        # # 验证搜索结果是否加载
        # results = driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "div.g")
        # assert len(results) > 0, "未找到搜索结果"
        # print(f"找到 {len(results)} 个搜索结果")

    finally:
        # 关闭浏览器
        driver.quit()
        print("测试完成，关闭浏览器")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    test_google_search()

  1. 下载chrome 和driver
    chrome 和driver 的版本要一致,下载后解压到固定目录
    https://googlechromelabs.github.io/chrome-for-testing/

  2. 确认版本兼容性
    确保 selenium 的版本与 chromedriver 和浏览器的版本兼容。更新 Selenium 到最新版本：

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pip install --upgrade selenium
  1. 尝试运行
    这里使用的无ui系统，所以需要尝试启用无头模式，避免GUI问题
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./chrome --disable-dev-shm-usage --disable-software-rasterizer --disable-gpu --no-sandbox
  1. 赋予执行权限

报错：

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PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/home/weylan/opt/chromedriver-linux64/chromedriver'

解决：

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chmod +x /home/weylan/opt/chromedriver-linux64/chromedriver
chmod +x /home/weylan/opt/chrome-linux64/chrome
chmod +x /home/weylan/opt/chrome-linux64/chrome_crashpad_handler
  1. 安装chrome的依赖库

报错：

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./chrome: error while loading shared libraries: libgbm.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

解决：

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sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y libnss3 libx11-xcb1 libxcomposite1 libxcursor1 libxdamage1 libxrandr2 libxss1 libasound2 libatk1.0-0 libpangocairo-1.0-0 fonts-liberation

sudo apt-get install -y libnss3 libatk1.0-0 libatk-bridge2.0-0 libcups2 libdrm2 libxkbcommon0 libxcomposite1 libxrandr2 libxdamage1 libxshmfence1 libglu1-mesa libpangocairo-1.0-0 libpango-1.0-0


  1. 处理 D-Bus 和 UPower 错误
    报错：
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[24615:24615:0115/000733.084680:FATAL:spawn_subprocess.cc(237)] posix_spawn /home/weylan/opt/chrome-linux64/chrome_crashpad_handler: Permission denied (13)
[24614:24626:0115/000733.141974:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory
[24614:24629:0115/000733.142838:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory
[24614:24629:0115/000733.142868:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory
[24614:24626:0115/000733.144556:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Could not parse server address: Unknown address type (examples of valid types are "tcp" and on UNIX "unix")
[24614:24626:0115/000733.144670:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Could not parse server address: Unknown address type (examples of valid types are "tcp" and on UNIX "unix")
[24614:24626:0115/000733.144775:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Could not parse server address: Unknown address type (examples of valid types are "tcp" and on UNIX "unix")
[24614:24626:0115/000733.145086:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Could not parse server address: Unknown address type (examples of valid types are "tcp" and on UNIX "unix")
[24614:24626:0115/000733.145103:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Could not parse server address: Unknown address type (examples of valid types are "tcp" and on UNIX "unix")
[24614:24626:0115/000733.147627:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Could not parse server address: Unknown address type (examples of valid types are "tcp" and on UNIX "unix")
[24614:24626:0115/000733.154498:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Could not parse server address: Unknown address type (examples of valid types are "tcp" and on UNIX "unix")
[24614:24626:0115/000733.154527:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Could not parse server address: Unknown address type (examples of valid types are "tcp" and on UNIX "unix")

DevTools listening on ws://127.0.0.1:9222/devtools/browser/e67482e5-95e3-42f4-a6da-5f76012a489a
[24614:24614:0115/000733.209673:ERROR:object_proxy.cc(576)] Failed to call method: org.freedesktop.DBus.NameHasOwner: object_path= /org/freedesktop/DBus: unknown error type:
[24614:24714:0115/000733.217328:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory
[24614:24714:0115/000733.217367:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory
[24614:24714:0115/000733.217399:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory
[24614:24714:0115/000733.217419:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory
[24614:24714:0115/000733.217436:ERROR:bus.cc(407)] Failed to connect to the bus: Failed to connect to socket /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket: No such file or directory
[24639:24639:0115/000733.569645:ERROR:gles2_cmd_decoder_passthrough.cc(1053)] [GroupMarkerNotSet(crbug.com/242999)!:A03028009C280000]Automatic fallback to software WebGL has been deprecated. Please use the --enable-unsafe-swiftshader flag to opt in to lower security guarantees for trusted content.

这些错误主要是由于系统中未运行或未安装 D-Bus 服务和 UPower 服务引起的。

安装和启动 D-Bus 服务：

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sudo apt-get install -y dbus
sudo service dbus start

安装 UPower 服务：

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sudo apt-get install -y upower

检查服务是否运行：

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systemctl status dbus
systemctl status upower

如果服务未运行，可以尝试重新启动：

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sudo systemctl restart dbus

如果在无头服务器上运行，使用以下参数跳过 D-Bus：

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chrome_options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-extensions")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-setuid-sandbox")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-software-rasterizer")

报错：

WebGL Automatic Fallback

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Automatic fallback to software WebGL has been deprecated.

原因：Chrome 尝试使用软件 WebGL 渲染，但被标记为已弃用。

解决方法：

添加以下启动参数，明确允许使用软件 WebGL：

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chrome_options.add_argument("--enable-unsafe-webgl")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-software-rasterizer")

如果不需要 WebGL，可以直接禁用：

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chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-webgl")